The concerned father I wrote about last week was unable to use 鈥渃itizen鈥檚 arrest鈥� to excuse his minimal assault (grabbing the arm) of his daughter鈥檚 tormenter. I am going to explain why. And whether it can be used to excuse assaulting a would-be thief checking vehicle door handles in residential driveways.
Any application of force to another person, without their consent, is an assault pursuant to section
But our Criminal Code allows for the application of force to another person in certain circumstances, one being when you are making a 鈥渃itizen鈥檚 arrest鈥�, which falls under
Which brings us to the case I cited last week, of Mr. Wilson鈥檚 8 year old daughter had been bullied by a 17 year old boy. After the girl鈥檚 bicycle was smashed a second time, Mr. Wilson came down to the neighbourhood park and had her daughter point out the boy.
Mr. Wilson and the boy told dramatically different stories about what happened next. The boy鈥檚 version was serious enough that Mr. Wilson was the one charged. At trial, the judge believed Mr. Wilson鈥檚 version which was that the only time he touched the boy was when he had grabbed his arm saying: 鈥淭his will end now. We can go to the police or your parents鈥�.
However minimal it might be, grabbing the boy鈥檚 arm was an assault. Mr. Wilson tried to use section 494, the 鈥渃itizen鈥檚 arrest鈥� provision as a defence.
Section 494 is very specific.
It allows you to arrest someone who is actually committing an indictable offence (s. 494(1)(a)). Leaving aside what 鈥渋ndictable鈥� means, this did not help because the boy was not committing an offence at the time.
It also allows you to arrest someone who you believe has committed a criminal offence. But only if the offender is being freshly pursued by those with the lawful authority to make an arrest (s. 494(1)(b)). Not applicable either.
Mr. Wilson was convicted. Was that a travesty of justice? It sure feels so. But citizen鈥檚 arrest provisions are restricted for good reason. Physical confrontations, particularly between criminals and those without police training, are recipes for disaster.
So what about if you catch someone wandering down your street checking door handles? They鈥檝e not actually stolen anything, but they鈥檙e obviously up to no good. Are they committing an offence that allows you to make a citizen鈥檚 arrest?
covers the situation, but only if it happens at night: 鈥淓very person who, without lawful excuse, loiters or prowls at night on the property of another person near a dwelling-house situated on that property is guilty of an offence鈥︹��.
But it is not an 鈥渋ndictable鈥� offence, so section 494(1)(a) referred to above is not applicable.
Fortunately for the more vigilante minded among us, the citizen鈥檚 arrest provisions also allow the owner of property (or someone authorized by the owner) to make a citizen鈥檚 arrest if you catch someone in the act of committing any old criminal offence (indictable or not) related to the property (s. 494(2)).
So a neighbourhood watch patrol, armed with the authority of all property owners in a neighbourhood, could make a citizen鈥檚 arrest of someone they catch prowling around properties in the neighbourhood.
But before you jump into action against a prowler, please consider the following:
- Your purpose must be making an arrest. It cannot be the dishing up of vigilante 鈥渏ustice鈥�;
- Whatever tough guy you think you are, a frightened and threatened offender might cause you harm;
- You are bound by the same restrictions as the police, set out in and
- Immediately after making the arrest, you must deliver the offender to the police (section 494(3)).
And you face the risk realized by Mr. Wilson. The offender might tell a tall tale to the police that could result in you being the one facing criminal charges. And if you are found to have used excessive force that injures the offender, you could face a civil lawsuit and have to pay compensation.
Next week, I will conclude this series with a discussion about what you are permitted to do if you catch someone in the act of actually stealing your property, or having entered your home.
Missed last week鈥檚 column?
About Paul Hergott, Personal Injury Lawyer:
Paul began practicing law in 1995 in a general litigation practice. Of the various areas of litigation, he became most drawn to and passionate about pursuing fair compensation for personal injury victims, which has gradually became his exclusive area of practice. Paul鈥檚 practice is restricted to acting only for the injured victim, never for ICBC nor for other insurance companies.
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